The events 1860 to 1889

1860s

Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacilli. In the 19th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe.^[10]

David Livingstone, Scottish explorer and missionary in Africa

• 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi launches the Expedition of the Thousand.
• 1860: The Pony Express started.
• 1861–1865: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy.
• 1861: Russia abolishes serfdom.
• 1861–1867: French intervention in Mexico and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by Maximilian I of Mexico and his consortCarlota of Mexico.
• 1862: The Pony Express ended.
• 1862: French gain first foothold in Southeast Asia.
• 1862–1877: Muslim Rebellion in northwest China.
• 1863: Bahá'u'lláh declares his station as "He whom God shall make manifest". This date is celebrated in the Bahá'í Faith as The Festival ofRidván.
• 1863: Formation of the International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention in 1864.
• 1863: First section of the London Underground opens.
• 1863: France annexes Cambodia.
• 1863–1865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
• 1864–1866: The Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
• 1864–1870: The Paraguayan War ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
• 1865–1877: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• 1865-April 9, 1865: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War.
• 1865-April 14, 1865: United States President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated while attending a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C.. He dies approximately nine hours after being shot on April 15, 1865.
• 1865: Gregor Mendel formulates his laws of inheritance.
• 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
• 1866: Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and theAustrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
• 1866–1868: Famine in Finland.
• 1866–1869: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization.
• 1867: The United States purchases Alaska from Russia.
• 1867: Canadian Confederation formed.
• 1867: The Principality of Serbia passes a Constitution which defines its independence from the Ottoman Empire. International recognition followed in 1878.
• 1868: The Expatriation Act of 1868 is approved by the U.S. Congress, one of the early blows which would eventually lead to the death of the common law doctrine of perpetual allegiance
• 1868: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is approved.
• 1868: Cro-Magnon man first identified.
• 1868–1878: Ten Years' War between Cuba and Spain.
• 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10.
• 1869: Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic table.
• 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.

From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost more than half of its population in the Paraguayan Waragainst Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.

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• 1871–1872: Famine in Persia is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
• 1871–1914: Second Industrial Revolution
• 1870-1890: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America.
• 1871: The Paris Commune briefly rules the French capital.
• 1871: The feudal system is dismantled in Japan.
• 1871: Henry Morton Stanley meets Dr. David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika.
• 1872: Yellowstone National Park, the first national park, is created.
• 1872: The first recognised international soccer match, between England and Scotland, is played.
• 1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published.
• 1873: The samurai class is abolished in Japan.
• 1873: Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented.
• 1874: The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known today as the Impressionists organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer Nadar.
• 1874: The Home Rule Movement is established in Ireland.
• 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.
• 1874–1875: First Republic in Spain.
• 1875: HMS Challenger surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep
• 1875–1900: 26 million Indians perish in India due to famine.
• 1876: Bulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule.
• 1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety.
• 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India.
• 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn leads to the death of General Custer and victory for the alliance of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho
• 1876–1879: 13 million Chinese die of famine in northern China.
• 1876–1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age.
• 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.
• 1877: Crazy Horse surrenders and is later killed
• 1877: Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars
• 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
• 1877–1878: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Berlin recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous.
• 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.
• 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
• 1879: Thomas Edison tests his first light bulb.
• 1879–1880: Little War against Spanish rule in Cuba leads to rebel defeat.
• 1879–1883: Chile battles with Peru and Bolivia over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific.