History of Sanskrit (Phonology -Consonants)


Consonants

IAST and Devanagari notations are given, with approximate IPA values in square brackets.
Labial
ओष्ठ्य
oṣṭhya		Dental
दन्त्य
dantya		Retroflex
मूर्धन्य
mūrdhanya		Palatal
तालव्य
tālavya		Velar
कण्ठ्य
kaṇṭhya		Glottal
Stop
स्पर्श
sparśa		Unaspirated
अल्पप्राण
alpaprāṇa		p प [p]b ब [b]t त [t̪]d द [d̪]ṭ ट [ʈ ]ḍ ड [ɖ ]c च [c͡ç]j ज [ɟ͡ʝ]k क [k]g ग [ɡ]
Aspirated
महाप्राण
mahāprāṇa		ph फ [pʰ]bh भ [bʱ]th थ [t̪ʰ]dh ध [d̪ʱ]ṭh ठ [ʈʰ]ḍh ढ [ɖʱ]ch छ [c͡çʰ]jh झ [ɟ͡ʝʱ]kh ख [kʰ]gh घ [ɡʱ]
Nasal
अनुनासिक
anunāsika		m म [m]n न [n̪]ṇ ण [ɳ ](ñ ञ [ ɲ])ṅ ङ [ŋ]
Semivowel
अन्तस्थ
antastha		v व [w]y य [j]
Liquid
ढ्रव
drava		l ल [l̪]r र [ɽ][dubious – discuss]
Fricative
ऊष्मन्
ūṣman		s स [s̪]ṣ ष [ʂ]ś श [ɕ]ḥ ः [h]h ह [ɦ]
The table below shows the traditional listing of the Sanskrit consonants with the (nearest) equivalents in English (as pronounced in General American and Received Pronunciation or the Indian English pronunciation if specified), French and Spanish. Each consonant shown below is deemed to be followed by the neutral vowel schwa (/ə/), and is named in the table as such.
Stops—sparśa
Unaspirated
Voiceless
alpaprāṇa śvāsa		Aspirated
Voiceless
mahāprāna śvāsa		Unaspirated
Voiced
alpaprāṇa nāda		Aspirated
Voiced
mahāprāna nāda		Nasal
anunāsika nāda
Velar
kaṇṭhya		क
/kə/; English: skip		ख
/kʰə/; English: cow		ग
/ɡə/; English: game		घ
/ɡʱə/; no equivalent		ङ
/ŋə/; English: ring
Palatal
tālavya		च
/cə/; no equivalent		छ
/cʰə/; no equivalent		ज
/ɟə/; no equivalent		झ
/ɟʱə/; no equivalent		ञ
[ ɲə]; French: agneau, Spanish ñ
Retroflex
mūrdhanya		ट
/ʈə/; English: stop		ठ
/ʈʰə/; English: time		ड
/ɖə/; English (Indian): door		ढ
/ɖʱə/; no equivalent		ण
/ɳə/; no English equivalent
apico-Dental
dantya		त
/t̪ə/; French, Spanish: tomate		थ
/t̪ʰə/; Aspirated /t̪/		द
/d̪ə/; French: dans, Spanish donde		ध
/d̪ʱə/; Aspirated /d̪/		न
/n̪ə/; English name
Labial
oṣṭhya		प
/pə/; English: spin		फ
/pʰə/; English: pork		ब
/bə/; English: bone		भ
/bʱə/; no equivalent		म
/mə/; English: mine
Non-Plosives/Sonorants
Palatal
tālavya		Retroflex
mūrdhanya		Dental
dantya		Labial/
Glottal
oṣṭhya
Approximant
antastha		य
/jə/; English: you		र
/ɽə/; no equivalent		ल
/l̪ə/; French, Spanish: la		व (labio-velar)
/wə/; English w
Sibilant/
Fricative
ūṣmang		श
/ɕə/; similar to English: ship		ष
/ʂə/; Retroflex form of /ʃ/		स
/s̪ə/; English: same		ह (glottal)
/ɦə/; English ahead

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